Witches and witchcraft

According to wolframalpha witches are beings, usually females, imagined to have special power derived from the devil.

Many years ago, from the 15 to the 17th century, witchcraft was classified as a really big crime. In this time, Switzerland was one of the Europeans countries with the biggest number of witches. In order to this number Switzerland was also the country with the biggest number of executions because of these crime. This county had 3 and a half thousand people killed because of being witches. It was rare to see a male witch. almost all witches were woman. When people knew that someone was doing witchcraft, they were tortured and then killed. Witches were tortured to make them know that what they were doing was wrong and to know the name of other witches. People tortured witches until the witch told them what they wanted to hear: that they were witches and that they had made a pact with the devil.

People believe that witches had their power like a present from the devil because of making pacts with him. There was a book written in 1496 that helped to identify if someone was a witch or not and described how to deal with them.

I think this was a really unfair because a lot of innocent people were killed for no reason. Many individuals had to accept they were witches and that they had made a pact with the devil in order to stop being tortured. But after accepting that they were witches they were killed.

Since prehistoric time there have been people that believe that witches, spells and witchcraft can damage the work of other like the crops or the farms, show the future, fight sickness or even punish their enemies. 

One early god was half human and half coat. Early Christians added these god wings of an angel to make this the representation of Satan. People thought that this devil needed servants to help him with some works on earth so he recruited witches that were people that made pacts with him. The pacts were some special powers in exchange of their complete and eternal soul and sexual pleasure.  

In the beginnings of the 1490’s Europeans churches begin a campaign to destroy all witchcraft. By the late 1600’s the world is entering a new era of secular government and science. It is a time of great changes but not everyone is happy about this changes. A religious movement started names puritanism. Puritans founded the Massachusetts Bay colony in 1628. The idea of this religious movement was to purify the English church. As the original puritans colonies moved to the north the English begin to encroach on the Wabanaki land. In North America they found native residents and they believed that those people were worshipers of the devil. They also thought that these people didn’t have the right to the land because they didn’t cultivated. When a group of Wabanakies comes to a town to trade the people from the town captured them and sold them into slavery. They were mostly women and children. Wabanikies were really angry and in 1675 they started many wars Vs. the English.

After 1692 there were no more persecutions for witchcraft, people didn’t stop believing in witches but the legal systems stop dealing with the accusations of witchcrafts. It was too devastating to see how hundreds of people died because of this kind of accusations.

videos

Johannes Gutenberg

My name is Johannes Gutenberg. I was born in Mainz, Germany around the year 1398. I was the son of a Goldsmith. I didn’t live only in Mainz, I moved a few times around Germany.

I invented the printing press. It wasn’t that hard because I took some existing technologies and some of my other inventions, I put them together and come up with the printing press in 1450. What I used was the moveable type (That was totally my idea). Instead of using wooden blocks to press ink in paper, I used moveable metal pieces to create pages faster. I made the printing process way more fast. My printing presses could print thousands of pages in a day. In the old method they could only print between 40 to 50 copies in a whole day. This was a really big improve and it allowed the middle class to have access to books so knowledge and education spread in all Europe.

The first printed thing that cameo out from the press was a German poem. Bibles were uncommon, it could take a year for a priest to transcribe a bible. I printed around 200 bibles in a really short time.

In 1462 I was exiled from Mainz. But, things turned and in 1465 I received a fancy title, a salary, and more things because of the my invention.

My original Bible was sold for 30 florins. It was a lot of money at that time, but this bible was much cheaper than a hand written one.

There are around 21 complete “Gutenberg Bibles” existing today. One of these Bibles is likely worth around 30000000 (million) dollars.

Albrecht Dürer AUTOBIOGRAPHY!

My name is Albrecht Dürer. I was born on May 21, 1471 in Nuremberg, Germany. I was the third child of between fourteen and eighteen children. My father was a goldsmith.

My godfather, Anton Koberger, became a printer and publisher in the same year that I was born. My most famous publication was the Nuremberg Chronicle, which included many woodcut illustrations. I actually learned a lot about woodcuts and printing while I was working on this publication.

When I was13 years old, I was the first artist creating a self-portrait, it was a Little bit difficult but the technique I used made it easier. I used a mirror to see my features while I was painting. I drew it when I was still a child, I am very proud of that. Then I painted 3 more self-portraits.

When I was 15 I was already showing the talent I had... drawing. My talent was recognized, and I became an apprentice of Michael Wolgemut (he is an important artist in Nuremberg).

I also mad many drawings, specially watercolors and oil paintings. Now 60 of my oil paintings remain. My most important works are: “Young Hare”, witch I made in 1502, “The Praying Hands”, that was painted on 1508, and Rhinoceros in 1515; this one is my favorite one.

My life was awesome. I had a really interesting lifestyle; I really loved to paint since I was just a kid. My life was really cool; unfortunately I died on April 6, 1528 in Nuremberg, Germany, where I lived all my life. Now I am recognized as one of the greatest artists of the Renaissance Era, and the greatest printmaker of all time. I’m sad for the people who made things that they hated just to became famous so i am really proud of my label because I became famous by doing things i really loved and enjoyed doing.

Albrecht Dürer Art Gallery

This one is the “Young Hare”. I made this painting on 1502 and it is a Watercolor Gouache on Paper.

This one is the “The Praying Hands”, made on 1508. “The praying hands” is a Drawing. The Praying Hands is one of the many drawings I made as I planned a new painting. These praying hands would later be the hands of an apostle for an altarpiece.

This one is the “Rhinoceros” made on 1515.This work of art is a woodcut. I made this woodcut from a sketch by an unknown artist. I had never actually seen a rhinoceros; it was a very rare opportunity in my times. This woodcut became very popular. It has been said,  "probably no animal picture has exerted such a profound influence on the arts".

how did joan reached the top?

Joan of Arc grew up in a small town in France. Her father, Jacques, was a farmer who also worked as an oficial. Joan worked on the farm and learned how to sew from her mother, Isabelle. Joan was also very religious.

 When Joan was 12 years old she had a vision. She saw Michael the Archangel. He told her that she was going to lead the French in a battle Vs. the English. Joan continued having visions and hearing voices. She said they were beautiful and wonderful visions from God. When Joan turned 16 she decided it was time to listen to her visions and take action.

She decided to ask King Charles of France for an army. She first went to the local town and asked the lrader to take her to see the king. He just laughed at her, but Joan did not give up. She continued asking for help and won the support of some local leaders.

Joan met with the king. First the king was suspicious. He wasn’t sure if she really was a messenger from God or if she was just crazy. Late, the king figured thst he had nothing to lose, so he let Joan accompany a group of soldiers.

While the King was making his final desision, she started practicing for battle. She became a profetional fighter and an expert horse rider. She was ready when the king said she could fight. 

                      

Marco Polo

Marco Polo was a merchant and explorer who traveled the Far East and China for much of his life. His stories were what much of Europe knew about ancient China for many years.

Marco was born in Venice, Italy in 1254. Venice was a trading city and Marco's father was a merchant.

What is the Silk Road?

The Silk Road was a group of trade routes between major cities and trading places that went all the way from Eastern Europe to Northern China. It was called the Silk Road because silk cloth was what they most exported.

Not a lot of people traveled the entire route. Trading was mostly between cities or small sections of the route and products would slowly make their way from one side to the other.

Marco Polo's father and uncle wanted to try something different. They wanted to travel all the way to China and bring the goods directly back to Venice. They thought they could make their fortune this way. It took them nine years, but they finally made it home.

But when did he travel to china?

Marco`s first trip to China was when he was just 17 years old. His father and uncle decided to return from chine. During their first trip to china they met the Mongol Emperor Kublai Khan (Kublai, leader of all China at that time) and told him they would return. The one that returned was Marco Polo.

It took Marco Polo three years to get to China. In his way he visited many great cities and saw many places including the holy city of Jerusalem, the mountains of the Hindu Kush, Persia, and the Gobi Desert. He met a lot of different types of people and had a lot of adventures. Since the begining of marcopolo’s trip, he was trying to catch every detail because he waned to be a very cultural person. In that period of time culture was a privileg.

Marco lived in China for many years and learned to speak the language. He traveled all around China as a messenger and spy of Kublai Kham. He also traveled to the south, where Myanmar and Vietnam are today. During these visits he learned about different cultures, foods, cities, places and people. He saw many places and things that no one from Europe had ever seen before.